{"id":21699,"date":"2022-03-03T14:17:35","date_gmt":"2022-03-03T14:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/?p=21699"},"modified":"2023-06-08T18:21:00","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T18:21:00","slug":"teaching-the-history-of-pandemics-while-living-through-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/2022\/03\/03\/teaching-the-history-of-pandemics-while-living-through-one","title":{"rendered":"Teaching the history of pandemics while living through one"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Dr. Stefanie Iverson Cabral, assistant teaching professor in the <a href=\"\/nhs\">School of Nursing &amp; Health Studies<\/a> at the University of Washington Bothell, has been teaching Disease, Human History, Society &amp; Civilization for almost a decade. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It wasn\u2019t until February 2020 that she taught the course, which explores the implications of pandemics on society, while simultaneously living through one. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/Stefanie-Iverson-Cabral.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23700\" width=\"1030\" height=\"687\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Stefanie\u202fIverson Cabral wearing a mask from the Mutter Museum&#8217;s &#8220;Spit Spreads Death&#8221; exhibit, which featured the 1918 pandemic<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI used to ask my students to imagine what living through a pandemic would be like \u2014 how they would go to school or work, get their groceries or go to the bank,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. \u201cThat had always been very challenging for them to try to conceptualize. A lot of the times they would say things like, \u2018Well, I would probably miss a few days of school\u2019 or even that they would probably be fine because they were healthy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe have since come to find out that sadly, that is not the case.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Endings and eradications <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Throughout the quarter, students compare and contrast nine of the worst infectious diseases and then look at the differences and similarities between them and 足彩app哪个是正规的. Iverson Cabral said a lot of her students since 足彩app哪个是正规的 hit enrolled in the class to find out when the current pandemic will end and how. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>She explains that historically pandemics generally have two types of endings, the medical and the social. \u201c足彩app哪个是正规的 medical ending is defined by a substantial decline in contamination and death rates, whereas the social ending is a result of a decline in fear of the disease,\u201d she said. \u201cAs we are seeing with 足彩app哪个是正规的, an end to a pandemic can occur not because a disease has been eradicated but because the desire for normalcy outweighs the fear of infection.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the first diseases her winter quarter 2022 class studied was smallpox, which is among the few epidemics that came to a true medical ending last century. Iverson Cabral said smallpox was exceptional for a number of reasons, one of which is that it led to the creation of the first effective vaccine that provides lifelong protection. \u201cBefore the vaccine, the best-case scenario was a 30% mortality rate. 足彩app哪个是正规的 worst-case scenario was 90%,\u201d she said. \u201cAfter the vaccine, there was a less than 0.1% chance of dying.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also significant in the ability to eradicate smallpox was that the virus had no animal host so eliminating it in humans meant total elimination. To date, the World Health Organization has only declared two diseases officially eradicated \u2014 smallpox and rinderpest. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBecause 足彩app哪个是正规的 was first discovered in bats and has since spread to minks, large cats and non-human primates, it does not fit the criteria for eradication. Instead, the goal is to control the spread,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In terms of similarities, the class draws parallels between smallpox and 足彩app哪个是正规的 based on how the disease is spread and the public\u2019s resistance to vaccination. \u201cBoth are respiratory diseases, so the virus is\/was spread by droplets that come from coughing and sneezing,\u201d she said. \u201cAnd just like modern day, some of the public was hesitant to receiving vaccination.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Iverson Cabral explained that hesitancy for receiving the smallpox vaccine was because it came from cowpox, a closely related virus found in cattle, and the public thought it was unnatural and against God. \u201c足彩app哪个是正规的 has a 1% death rate and smallpox had up to 90%. We know how horrible things are now. Can you imagine what it was like then? You would think people would do whatever they could to survive, but vaccine hesitancy existed even at that extreme,\u201d she said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Past and present parallels <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Another disease the class looked at was the 1918 influenza pandemic, one of the most severe pandemics in recent history. Roughly 500 million people \u2014 one-third of the world\u2019s population \u2014 became infected with the virus. 足彩app哪个是正规的re were an estimated 50 million worldwide deaths, 675,000 of which were in the United States. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAt the time, there was no vaccine nor were there any antibiotics to treat secondary infections associated with the virus, so control efforts were limited to non-pharmaceutical interventions such as isolation, quarantine mandates and the use of disinfectants \u2014 much like the initial response to 足彩app哪个是正规的,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also like 足彩app哪个是正规的, mandates during the influenza outbreak were different from state to state. 足彩app哪个是正规的 class looked at a case study from the peak of the second wave, comparing infection and death rates from Philadelphia and St. Louis, Missouri. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cSt. Louis responded to the virus completely differently than Philadelphia did. Government officials in St. Louis told everyone to go home. 足彩app哪个是正规的y shut down schools, church \u2014 just about everything. Meanwhile, because this was in the middle of World War 1, Philadelphia decided to host this huge parade to boost war efforts,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. \u201cThousands of people gathered together. Afterwards, St. Louis\u2019 death rates stayed pretty consistent, not increasing nor decreasing, while Philadelphia\u2019s skyrocketed with more than 800 people dying a day.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>足彩app哪个是正规的re have been varying degrees of this in current times, with Washington state\u2019s coronavirus mandates looking different than that of Texas, for example. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI often ask my students to think about 100 years from now what people taking a similar class will say about how we weathered this pandemic,\u201d she said. \u201cI think that as a state, we have done well.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bring out the worst and best <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>足彩app哪个是正规的 class also used the 1918 influenza to study the historical response to mask mandates. Because this outbreak occurred during a war and many soldiers were getting infected, wearing masks was at first seen as a patriotic act. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEveryone was on board because they wanted to keep the soldiers healthy to win the war,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. \u201cBut when the third wave of the pandemic hit, the war was over and the public response was completely different. This time, there was a huge mask protest in California that rallied thousands of people \u2014 there was even an anti-mask wearing league.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/florenceburrows.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-23701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/florenceburrows.jpg 250w, https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/florenceburrows-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.uwb.edu\/news\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/03\/florenceburrows-125x125.jpg 125w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Florence Burrows, a junior majoring in Society, Ethics &amp; Human Behavior<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the past two years, there has been a similar ongoing debate about whether mask-wearing can be legally enforced, with many prioritizing their comfort over public safety. \u201cSadly, this is nothing new,\u201d Iverson Cabral said. \u201cIn many ways, we have just seen history repeating itself since the start of this pandemic.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Florence Burrows, a junior majoring in Society, Ethics &amp; Human Behavior, is in the winter quarter class and echoed Iverson Cabral\u2019s sentiments. To her, what is most disappointing is the continuous scapegoating and blame that has historically, and currently, been placed on marginalized communities during pandemics. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe saw this recently with the rise of Asian hate,\u201d she said. \u201cThis was also present during the 1800 plague. Asian people were blamed because the infection started in their community. 足彩app哪个是正规的y applied quarantines and restrictions only for people of Asian descent \u2014 white people, on the other hand, could come and go as they pleased. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHistory has shown us that pandemics can bring out the very worst in us, but also at times, the very best.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">In it together <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Aside from teaching students about disease, Iverson Cabral also hopes that they learn science is not just for scientists. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe are all impacted by science directly and indirectly,\u201d she said. \u201c足彩app哪个是正规的 history of these diseases shows us that law, policy, communication, structural racism, ethics \u2014 they all play a part in science. 足彩app哪个是正规的re are so many opportunities to participate beyond just conducting experiments, and I hope that students walk away with that realization.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Burrows, for one, definitely experienced the epiphany. She plans on becoming a family therapist and said the knowledge she gained in the course will be beneficial to her career. \u201cOne of the things I learned is that the pandemic has impacted various communities differently,\u201d she said. \u201cMy plan is to renovate a van and drive to marginalized communities \u2014 the ones hardest hit \u2014 and offer pro bono therapy sessions for people who need it most.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to fostering knowledge, Iverson Cabral also hopes to foster change. \u201cBy teaching this class, I am able to help students understand why it is so important to get vaccinated and boosted. One of my goals is to remove the fear and hesitancy surrounding vaccination because there is a lot of false information and misunderstanding,\u201d she said. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cBy informing my students, my hope is that they can then inform their friends and family members and have an impact on their community. After all, we really are all in this together.\u201d <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Stefanie Iverson Cabral teaches Disease, Human History, Society &amp; Civilization, a course that examines the implications infectious diseases have had on our society and the way we live &mdash; and how they have altered the course of history<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_is_archived":false,"_archived_contact_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[202,249,204],"tags":[],"school":[420],"class_list":["post-21699","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-campus-news","category-coronavirus","category-students","school-school-of-nhs"],"acf":{"related_links":{"toggle_visibility":false,"link_1":"","link_2":"","link_3":"","link_4":"","link_5":""},"highlight_box":{"toggle_visibility":false,"title":"","content":"","button":"","button_style":"angled-purple-button","button_screen_reader_text":""},"contact_type_1":{"toggle_visibility":true,"contact_title":"Contact Us","email":"test@uwb.edu","phone":"(206) 999-1234","box":"Box 358500","address_line_1":"18115 Campus Way NE","address_line_2":"Bothell, WA 98011-8246","location":""},"contact_type_2":{"toggle_visibility":false,"contact_title":"","email":"","phone":"","box":"","address_line_1":"","address_line_2":"","location":""},"social_media":{"toggle_visibility":false,"facebook_url":"","instagram_url":"","linkedin_url":"","twitter_url":"","youtube_url":""},"blog_archive_sidebar_visibility":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - 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